The air we breathe is made mostly of two elements. Roughly an 79/21 Nitrogen/Oxygen split. There are various trace elements, but they are mostly insignificant.
Nitrogen can kill!
Normally, Nitrogen doesn’t build up in our bodies. We expel it quite easily. But, as a diver, this gas builds up over time and if you fail to pay attention, can lead to the bends (Nitrogen Narcosis) and possible death.
Which leads into the use of enriched air. By increasing the amount of Oxygen, you obviously decease the amount of Nitrogen. Reducing Nitrogen, increases your bottom times while deceasing your intake of this gas.
Oxygen can kill!
Normally, Oxygen is easily metabolised into our bodies—it has to be for us to use it. But, as a diver, the increased pressure at depth can cause this gas to have adverse effects on our body—most commonly, shutting down our central nervous system, causing convultions which then lead to us spitting out our regulator (the thing that supplies us with air) and drowning. Breathing pure Oxygen will kill you in 20 feet of water (Oxygen Toxicity).
So the objective is to stike a fine balance between Nitrogen build-up and Oxygen absorption. You are only allowed so much in a day of each.
For this you are taught charts and formuli that, while not being advanced calculus, are intensive none the less.
You are forced to trust them implicitly. They are based on decades of research (military, private and public sectors) and there use has been proven successful with time. Very few accidents occur when using enriched air properly.
Try to keep that thought in mind while I’m floating under 40-50 feet of ocean breathing 36% oxygen this weekend.